Saxon Overview1000-1066An overview of crime and punishment in Anglo-Saxon England.Saxon Power Structure1000-1066A look at power in Anglo-Saxon England before 1066.Saxon Crime Types1000-1066The main crime types in Anglo-Saxon England.Saxon Law Enforcement1000-1066An overview of law enforcement in Anglo-Saxon England.Saxon Trials1000-1066How Saxon communities decided guilt and innocence.Saxon Wergild1000-1066How Saxons used fines and compensation to punish crime.Saxon Punishments1000-1066An overview of punishment in Anglo-Saxon England.1066 Turning Point1066Why 1066 changed power and authority in England.Norman Authority1066-1087How William increased central authority after the Norman Conquest.Norman Castles1066-1087How Norman castles helped William control England after 1066.Norman Feudal System1066-1087How land, loyalty, soldiers, and taxes worked in the Norman Feudal System.Murdrum Fine1066-1087How the murdrum fine made local people responsible for Norman murders.Norman Forest Laws1066-1087How Norman forest laws made hunting in royal forests a harsh social crime.Trial by Combat and Outlaws1066-1500Trial by combat, outlaws, and the Folville gang in the later Middle Ages.Henry II Legal Reforms1154-1189Henry II increased royal control by changing courts, prisons and local policing.Later Medieval Vagrancy1349-1500How the Black Death and new laws changed the treatment of beggars and vagabonds.Church Sanctuary1000-1500Sanctuary gave criminals protection inside a church for a limited time.Benefit of Clergy1000-1500Benefit of clergy showed the Church had its own courts and lighter punishments.Early Modern Overview1500-1700An overview of how crime and punishment changed and stayed the same from 1500 to 1700.Towns and Crime1500-1700How bigger towns created more chances for theft, fraud, and other crimes.Vagabonds and Vagrants1547-1597How population growth, falling wages, and harsh laws changed attitudes to vagabonds.Heresy and Treason1530s-1600sHow religious change made heresy and treason more closely linked.Henry VIII and Reformation1529-1537How Henry VIII broke with Rome and created the Church of England.Tudor Religious Rollercoaster1530s-1605How Tudor rulers kept changing England between Protestant and Catholic religion.Elizabeth's Religious Settlement1559How Elizabeth I used compromise to calm religious conflict in 1559.Rural Crimes and Enclosure1500-1700How enclosure pushed poor people towards rural crime and poaching.Smuggling1600sHow smuggling avoided import duties and became a social crime.Early Modern Law Enforcement1500-1700How communities enforced the law without an official police force.Thief Takers1500-1700How thief takers were paid to catch criminals, but could be corrupted.Puritan Moral Laws1649-1660How Cromwell and the Puritans made everyday life more strict during the Civil War years.The Gunpowder Plot1605How Catholic anger led to the Gunpowder Plot and harsh punishment for treason.Rise in Witchcraft Accusations1500-1700Why witchcraft accusations rose between 1500 and 1700.Witchcraft Beliefs and Hopkins1645-1647How beliefs in witches and Matthew Hopkins increased witch hunting in the 1640s.Early Prisons and Bridewell1556How early prisons and Bridewell were used to hold and punish offenders.Transportation to North America1600sHow transportation sent prisoners to North America as a punishment and deterrent.The Bloody Code1688How the Bloody Code used harsh punishments to try to deter crime.Industrial Era Overview1700-1900An overview of how industrial change created new crime problems and changed punishment.Poaching and the Black Act1723-1823How poaching was treated as a social crime and targeted by the Black Act.Industrial Smuggling1700s-1800sHow high duties and weak enforcement made smuggling common in the 1700s and 1800s.Highway Robbery1700sWhy highway robbery grew with better roads and then declined as travel, banking, and policing improved.Tolpuddle Martyrs1834How the Tolpuddle Martyrs were punished for supporting a union and why people campaigned for them.Bow Street Runners1748-1785How the Fielding brothers built a more organised way to catch criminals in London.Metropolitan Police1829How Robert Peel created the first uniformed police force in London in 1829.Policing Developments1856-1869How police forces became more professional across England and Wales after 1856.Decline of the Bloody Code1700-1820sWhy the Bloody Code lost support as people questioned harsh punishments.Robert Peel's Reforms1823-1829How Robert Peel tried to make policing and punishment more fair and more humane.Elizabeth Fry and John Howard1777-1823How John Howard and Elizabeth Fry exposed bad prisons and pushed for reform.Industrial Prison Reform1823-1900How prison reform changed gaols into places meant to reform criminals.Pentonville and Separate System1842-1877How Pentonville used isolation and discipline to try to reform prisoners.Transportation to Australia1780s-1868How Australia replaced America as the place Britain sent convicts.Whitechapel Overview1870-1900An overview of Whitechapel as a poor East End district in the late nineteenth century.Housing and Rookeries1870-1900How rookeries, lodging houses, and overcrowding shaped housing in Whitechapel.Whitechapel Workhouse1870-1900The Whitechapel Workhouse and Casual Ward showed how harsh poor relief could be.Peabody Estate1870-1900How the Peabody Estate tried to improve housing, but still left many poor families behind.Immigration and Tension1870-1900How Irish and Jewish immigration created tension in Whitechapel.Attitudes to Police1870-1900Why many people in Whitechapel distrusted the police.Police Commissioners1870-1888How Henderson, Monro, and Warren struggled to improve policing in Whitechapel.H Division1888What day to day policing looked like in Whitechapel in 1888.Prostitution Alcohol and Gangs1870-1900How prostitution, alcohol, and gangs added to violence in Whitechapel.Jack the Ripper Victims1888The five victims of Jack the Ripper and the common factors that made them vulnerable.Ripper Investigation1888How the police searched Whitechapel and questioned people to catch Jack the Ripper.Police Techniques in Whitechapel1888The methods the police used during the Ripper investigation.Press and Rumours1888How newspapers, rumours, and false witnesses made the Ripper case harder.Whitechapel Vigilance Committee1888George Lusk and the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee tried to catch the Ripper.Whitechapel Source Skills1870-1900How to use Whitechapel sources for usefulness and follow up questions.Modern Crime Overview1900-presentWhy reported crime rose in the modern period and why recorded crime is not the same as real crime.Modern Terrorism1900-presentHow terrorism changed from the Gunpowder Plot to the IRA, Al-Qaeda and ISIS.Hate Crime1900-presentHow changes in law and attitudes made race crime and homophobic crime take on new meaning.New Modern Crimes1900-presentHow drugs, cybercrime and changes in social attitudes created new modern crimes.Conscientious Objectors1916-1918Why some men refused to fight in WW1 and why the state treated them harshly.Community Policing1900-presentHow modern police work with local people to prevent crime and reduce fear.Modern Police Technology1900-presentHow science and technology changed policing from bicycles to DNA and ANPR.Specialist Policing1900-presentHow the police developed specialist units for drugs, dogs, public order and terrorism.Modern Prisons1900-presentHow prison became the main punishment for serious crime and why people question whether it works.Modern Prison Problems1947-presentThe problems that modern prisons face, including overcrowding, violence and high reoffending.Borstals and Youth Justice1902-presentHow borstals and other youth punishments tried to reform young offenders.Non-custodial Punishments1900-presentHow probation, community service and other punishments kept offenders out of prison.Death Penalty Debate1900-1969Why people argued for and against capital punishment and how it was abolished.Derek Bentley Case1952-1998How the Derek Bentley case helped change attitudes to the death penalty.Elizabethan England Overview1558-1603An overview of Elizabethan England, including government, religion, society, and threats.Key People in Elizabethan England1558-1603Key people who shaped Elizabethan England, including Elizabeth, Cecil, Drake, Dudley, Philip II, and Mary.Elizabethan Government1558-1603How Elizabethan government worked through the court, Privy Council, Parliament, and local officials.Elizabethan Society and Hierarchy1558-1603How Elizabethan society was organised by rank, wealth, and duty.Elizabeth in 1558: Problems1558The main problems Elizabeth faced when she became queen in 1558.Elizabeth in 1558: Strengths1558How Elizabeth used education, image, and political skill to solve problems.Catholics and Protestants1558-1603The main differences between Catholic and Protestant belief in Elizabethan England.The Religious Settlement1559How Elizabeth created a new church settlement in 1559.Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity1559The two main laws that set up the Elizabethan religious settlement.Support for the Settlement1559-1603How Elizabeth won support for the Religious Settlement through rules, ritual, and propaganda.Catholic Challenge to the Settlement1559-1603How Catholics, the Pope, and Catholic nobles challenged the Elizabethan settlement.Mary Queen of Scots Threat1560-1568Why Mary Queen of Scots was such a serious threat to Elizabeth.The Middle Way1559Elizabeth's attempt to create a compromise religion between Catholics and Protestants.Northern Earls Revolt1569Why Catholic nobles in the north revolted against Elizabeth in 1569.Northern Earls Significance1569-1570Why the Northern Earls Revolt mattered and how Elizabeth responded.Ridolfi Plot1571-1572How Ridolfi tried to build support for a Catholic invasion of England.Throckmorton Plot1583-1584A Catholic plot for rebellion in England backed by French and Spanish support.Babington Plot1586The Babington Plot was the final plot that led directly to Mary, Queen of Scots being executed.Mary Execution1587Why Mary, Queen of Scots was executed and why many people argued about the decision.Drake and Spain1571-1588How Francis Drake increased tension between England and Spain.The Netherlands1572-1585How the Netherlands became a major reason for war between England and Spain.Road to War with Spain1572-1585The main steps that pushed England and Spain towards war.Raid of Cadiz1587How Drake attacked Cadiz and damaged Spanish plans for the Armada.Dudley in the Netherlands1585-1587Why Robert Dudley failed to succeed in the Netherlands.Spanish Armada1588How the Spanish Armada tried and failed to invade England.Armada Defeat Reasons1588The main reasons England defeated the Spanish Armada.Education1558-1603How education worked for different groups in Elizabethan England.Leisure1558-1603The games, sports, music, and dancing that Elizabethans enjoyed.Theatre and Literature1558-1603How theatre and literature became more popular in Elizabethan England.Causes of Poverty1558-1603Why poverty grew in Elizabethan England.Deserving and Idle Poor1558-1603How Elizabethans divided the poor into deserving and idle groups.Poor Laws1563-1576The laws that tried to manage poverty and vagabonds in Elizabethan England.Motives for Exploration1570-1603Why Elizabethans explored overseas.Exploration Technology1570-1603How new ships and navigation tools helped Elizabethan explorers go further.Drake Circumnavigation1577-1580How Drake sailed around the world and attacked Spanish wealth.Drake Significance1580-1588Why Drake mattered to Elizabethan England.Raleigh and Roanoke1584-1590How Raleigh tried to start a colony at Roanoke.Raleigh Failures1584-1590Why Raleigh's colonisation plans failed to create a lasting colony.