Phi History
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Enlightenment Ideasc. 1685-1815Thinkers argued for reason, rights, consent, and limits on absolute power.American Revolution1775-1783Colonies broke from Britain and turned Enlightenment language into a new republic.French Revolution1789-1799Financial crisis, inequality, and political ideas produced a revolution with radical turns.Haitian Revolution1791-1804Enslaved people fought for freedom and created the first Black republic.Napoleonic Wars1803-1815Napoleon's empire spread reform and conflict across Europe before defeat at Waterloo.Congress of Vienna1814-1815European powers redrew the map after Napoleon and tried to restore stability.Industrial Revolutionc. 1760-1840Mechanised production changed work, cities, class relations, and global power.Chartism1838-1857Working-class campaigners demanded political reform through the People's Charter.Railway Expansion1830s-1870sRailways accelerated movement, communication, trade, warfare, and state control.Slavery Abolition Act1833Britain abolished slavery across most of its empire after decades of pressure.Scramble for Africac. 1881-1914European powers rapidly claimed African territories using industrial and military advantages.Women's Suffrage1860s-1928Campaigners fought for women's right to vote through constitutional and militant tactics.First World War1914-1918Alliances, empire, nationalism, and militarism erupted into global industrial war.